labarai

Graphene Material

Graphene abu ne na musamman wanda ya ƙunshi Layer guda ɗaya na atom ɗin carbon. Yana baje kolin ingancin wutar lantarki na musamman, yana kaiwa 10⁶ S/m—sau 15 na jan ƙarfe—yana mai da shi abu mafi ƙarancin ƙarfin lantarki a Duniya. Bayanai kuma sun nuna cewa ƙarfinsa na iya kaiwa 1515.2 S/cm. A fagen kayan polymer, graphene yana riƙe da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen.

Lokacin da aka haɗa shi azaman ƙari mai girma a cikin kayan polymer, graphene yana haɓaka haɓakar wutar lantarki sosai da juriya. Ƙara graphene yana ƙara haɓaka halayen kayan aiki, yana ba da kyakkyawan aiki a cikin na'urorin lantarki, batura, da aikace-aikace makamantansu. Babban ƙarfinsa kuma yana haɓaka kayan aikin injiniya na kayan gini na polymer, yana mai da shi dacewa da manyan ƙarfin buƙatu kamar sararin samaniya da masana'antar kera motoci.

Abubuwan Haɗaɗɗen Fiber Carbon Fiber

Carbon fiber abu ne mai haske kamar gashin tsuntsu amma yana da ƙarfi kamar ƙarfe, yana riƙe da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin shimfidar kayan. Yin amfani da ƙarancin ƙarancinsa da ƙarfin ƙarfinsa, fiber carbon fiber yana samun aikace-aikace masu mahimmanci a cikin masana'antar kera motoci da sararin samaniya.

A cikin kera motoci, ana amfani da shi don firam ɗin jiki da ƙirƙira abubuwan, haɓaka ƙarfin abin hawa gabaɗaya tare da rage nauyi da haɓaka ingantaccen mai. A cikin sararin samaniya, yana aiki azaman kayan aiki mai kyau don abubuwan tsarin jirgin sama, yadda ya kamata rage nauyin jirgin sama, rage yawan kuzari, da haɓaka aikin jirgin.

Advanced Semiconductor Materials

A zamanin yau na ci gaban fasahar bayanai cikin sauri, akwai buƙatu mai ƙarfi na haɓaka fasaha a kowane fanni. Masana'antar kera na'urorin lantarki suna baje koli na musamman da ci gaba da haɓaka buƙatu na kayan aikin semiconductor mafi girma. A matsayin tushen tushen fasahar lantarki na zamani, ingancin kayan aikin semiconductor kai tsaye yana ƙayyade saurin aiki, inganci, da aikin na'urorin lantarki.

A matakin ƙarami, halaye kamar kayan lantarki, tsarin lu'ulu'u, da ƙazanta abun ciki suna tasiri sosai ga aikin na'urar lantarki. Misali, kayan semiconductor tare da babban motsi mai ɗaukar kaya yana ba da damar motsin lantarki da sauri, haɓaka saurin lissafi. Tsarin kristal mai tsabta yana rage tarwatsawar lantarki, yana ƙara haɓaka aikin aiki.

A aikace aikace, waɗannan manyan kayan aikin semiconductor suna samar da tushe don kera sauri, ingantattun na'urorin lantarki kamar wayoyin hannu, na'urorin sarrafa kwamfuta, da guntuwar sadarwa mai sauri. Suna taimaka miniaturization da babban aiki na na'urorin lantarki, ƙyale ƙarin kayan aikin da za a haɗa su cikin iyakataccen sarari. Wannan yana sauƙaƙe aiwatar da ƙarin hadaddun ayyuka na lissafin lissafi da sarrafawa, biyan buƙatun samun bayanai da sarrafawa koyaushe. Abubuwan guduro masu alaƙa da masana'antar semiconductor sun cancanci kulawa.

Kayan Buga na 3D

Daga karafa zuwa robobi, ci gaban fasahar bugu na 3D ya dogara da tallafin kayan daban-daban, tare da waɗannan kayan suna riƙe da aikace-aikace masu yawa da mahimmanci a cikin fagen kayan polymer.

Ana amfani da kayan ƙarfe a cikin bugu na 3D don kera abubuwan da ke buƙatar ƙarfi da daidaito, kamar sassan injin a sararin samaniya da dasa ƙarfe a cikin na'urorin likitanci. Kayayyakin filastik, tare da kaddarorinsu iri-iri da sauƙin sarrafawa, sun sami ƙarin aikace-aikacen bugu na 3D.

Kayayyakin polymer sun zama muhimmin sashi na kayan bugu na 3D, suna buɗe manyan damar fasaha. ƙwararrun polymers tare da ingantacciyar haɓakar ƙwayoyin halitta suna ba da damar bugu na ɓangarorin nama na bioengineered. Wasu polymers sun mallaki na musamman na gani ko lantarki, suna biyan takamaiman buƙatun aikace-aikacen. Thermoplastics, narkar da ta hanyar dumama, ba da damar azurta Layer-by-Layer don saurin ƙirƙira na hadaddun sifofi, sanya su amfani da ko'ina a cikin samfurin samfur da keɓance keɓancewa.

Wannan tallafi na kayan daban-daban yana ba da damar fasahar buga 3D don zaɓar kayan da suka dace don masana'anta bisa ga buƙatu daban-daban, samar da buƙatu na gaske. Ko don keɓance abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a masana'antar masana'antu ko samar da na'urorin likitanci na keɓaɓɓu a cikin kiwon lafiya, bugu na 3D yana ba da damar albarkatun kayan sa masu yawa don cimma ingantacciyar masana'anta, ingantacciyar masana'anta, haɓaka canje-canjen juyin juya hali a fagage daban-daban.

Kayayyakin Gudanarwa

A matsayin kayan da ke da kaddarorin na musamman na zahiri, masu sarrafa na'urori suna riƙe da matsayi na musamman a kimiyyar kayan, musamman a aikace-aikacen da suka shafi watsa wutar lantarki da abubuwan mamaki na lantarki. Siffa mafi ban mamaki na kayan haɓakawa shine ikon su na gudanar da wutar lantarki tare da juriya na sifili a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi. Wannan kadarar tana ba wa masu sarrafa iko da babban yuwuwar aikace-aikace a fagen watsa wutar lantarki.

A cikin hanyoyin watsa wutar lantarki na al'ada, juriya da ke cikin masu jagoranci yana haifar da asarar makamashi mai yawa a cikin nau'i na zafi. Aiwatar da kayan aikin da suka yi alƙawarin kawo sauyi ga wannan yanayin. Lokacin da aka yi aiki a cikin layin watsa wutar lantarki, halin yanzu yana gudana ta cikin su ba tare da tsangwama ba, yana haifar da asarar makamashin lantarki kusan sifili. Wannan yana haɓaka haɓakar watsawa sosai, yana rage sharar makamashi, kuma yana rage tasirin muhalli.

Superconducting kayan kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin sufuri na levitation. Jiragen kasa na Maglev suna amfani da filayen maganadisu masu ƙarfi da aka samar ta hanyar manyan kayan aiki don yin mu'amala tare da filayen maganadisu akan waƙar, ba da damar jirgin don yin lefi da aiki cikin sauri. Abubuwan juriya na sifili na kayan haɓakawa suna tabbatar da tsayayyen tsarawa da kiyaye filayen maganadisu, samar da daidaiton levitation da ƙarfin motsa jiki. Wannan yana ba jiragen kasa damar yin tafiya cikin sauri mafi girma tare da aiki mai sauƙi, mai canza hanyoyin sufuri na gargajiya.

Abubuwan da ake bukata na aikace-aikacen kayan aiki na musamman suna da faɗin gaske. Bayan gagarumin tasirinsu a cikin watsa wutar lantarki da sufurin levitation na maganadisu, suna riƙe yuwuwar ƙima a wasu fagage kamar fasahar maganadisu maganadisu (MRI) a cikin kayan aikin likitanci da ƙarar ƙararrawa a cikin binciken kimiyyar lissafi mai ƙarfi.

Smart Bionic Materials

A cikin sararin kimiyyar kayan aiki, akwai nau'ikan kayan aiki na musamman waɗanda ke kwaikwayi sifofin halittu waɗanda aka samo a cikin yanayi, suna baje kolin kaddarorin ban mamaki. Waɗannan kayan suna da mahimmanci a cikin ɓangaren kayan polymer. Za su iya amsawa ga canje-canjen muhalli, gyaran kai, har ma da tsabta.

Wasu kayan aikin polymer masu wayo suna da halaye waɗanda ke kwaikwayi tsarin halitta. Misali, wasu polymer hydrogels suna zana wahayi na tsari daga matrix extracellular da aka samu a kyallen jikin halitta. Wadannan hydrogels na iya jin canje-canjen zafi a cikin muhallinsu: lokacin da zafi ya ragu, suna kwangila don rage asarar ruwa; da kuma faɗaɗa don ɗaukar danshi lokacin da zafi ya ƙaru, don haka amsa matakan zafi na muhalli.

Game da warkar da kai, wasu kayan polymeric da ke ɗauke da sinadarai na musamman ko microstructures na iya gyara kansu ta atomatik bayan lalacewa. Misali, polymers tare da ƙwaƙƙwaran haɗin gwiwa na iya sake tsara waɗannan shaidu a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayi lokacin da fashewar saman ya bayyana, yana warkar da lalacewa da maido da ingancin kayan da aikin.

Don aikin tsaftace kai, wasu kayan polymeric suna cimma wannan ta hanyar sifofi na musamman ko gyare-gyaren sinadarai. Alal misali, wasu kayan shafa na polymeric sun ƙunshi ƙananan sifofi masu kama da ganyen magarya. Wannan ƙananan tsarin yana ba da damar ɗigon ruwa don samar da beads akan saman kayan kuma suyi birgima cikin sauri, tare da ɗaukar ƙura da datti, ta haka ne ke samun sakamako mai tsaftace kai.

Abubuwan da za a iya lalata su

A cikin al'ummar yau, ƙalubalen muhalli suna da tsanani, tare da ci gaba da gurɓata yanayi na barazana ga yanayin muhalli. A cikin filin kayan aiki,abubuwan da za a iya lalata susun sami kulawa mai mahimmanci azaman mafita mai ɗorewa, suna nuna fa'idodi na musamman da ƙimar aikace-aikacen musamman, musamman a cikin yanayin kayan polymeric.

A fannin likitanci, abubuwan da za a iya lalata su suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Misali, sutures da ake amfani da su don ƙulla rauni ana yawan yin su daga kayan polymer mai lalacewa. Wadannan kayan a hankali suna raguwa yayin aikin warkar da rauni, kawar da buƙatar cirewa da rage rashin jin daɗi na haƙuri da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta.

A lokaci guda, ana yin amfani da polymers masu ɓarna da yawa a cikin injiniyan nama da tsarin isar da magunguna. Suna aiki azaman ɓangarorin salon salula, suna ba da tallafi na tsari don haɓakar tantanin halitta da gyaran nama. Wadannan kayan suna raguwa cikin lokaci ba tare da barin ragowa a cikin jiki ba, don haka guje wa haɗarin lafiya.

A cikin marufi, kayan da za a iya lalata su suna riƙe da yuwuwar aikace-aikace. Fakitin filastik na gargajiya yana da wahala a lalace, yana haifar da gurɓataccen fari na dindindin. Marubucin kayayyakin da aka yi daga polymers masu lalacewa, kamar jakunkuna da kwalaye, sannu a hankali suna bazuwa zuwa abubuwa marasa lahani ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yanayin yanayi bayan amfani, suna rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. Misali, kayan marufi na polylactic acid (PLA) suna ba da ingantattun injina da kaddarorin sarrafawa don biyan buƙatun marufi na asali yayin da ake iya lalacewa, yana mai da su kyakkyawan madadin.

Nanomaterials

A ci gaba da ci gaban kimiyyar kayan aiki, nanomaterials sun fito a matsayin wurin bincike da wurin aikace-aikace saboda keɓancewar kaddarorinsu da kuma ikon sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a ma'auni. Hakanan suna riƙe matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin fagen kayan polymer. Ta hanyar sarrafa kwayoyin halitta a nanoscale, waɗannan kayan suna nuna ƙayyadaddun kaddarorin da ke shirye don ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci a cikin magani, makamashi, da lantarki.

A fannin likitanci, keɓaɓɓen kaddarorin nanomaterials suna ba da sabbin damammaki don gano cutar da jiyya. Misali, ana iya kera wasu kayan nanopolymer azaman motocin isar da magunguna da aka yi niyya. Waɗannan dillalai suna isar da magunguna daidai ga sel marasa lafiya, suna haɓaka tasirin warkewa yayin da suke rage lalacewar kyallen jikin lafiya. Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da nanomaterials a cikin hoto na likita-nanoscale bambancin wakilai, alal misali, haɓaka bayyananniyar hoto da daidaito, suna taimaka wa likitocin gano ainihin cutar.

A bangaren makamashi, nanomaterials ma suna nuna babban yuwuwar. Ɗauki polymer nanocomposites, alal misali, waɗanda ke samun aikace-aikace a fasahar baturi. Haɗa nanomaterials na iya ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin baturi da ƙimar caji/fitarwa, ta haka inganta aikin gabaɗaya. Don sel na hasken rana, wasu nanomaterials na iya haɓaka haɓakar haske da ingantaccen juzu'i, haɓaka ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na na'urorin photovoltaic.

Aikace-aikacen nanomaterials kuma suna haɓaka cikin sauri a cikin kayan lantarki. Kayan polymer nanoscale yana ba da damar samar da ƙananan kayan aikin lantarki mafi girma. Misali, haɓaka nanotransistors yana ba da damar haɓaka haɗin kai da sauri a cikin na'urorin lantarki. Bugu da ƙari, nanomaterials suna sauƙaƙe ƙirƙirar na'urorin lantarki masu sassauƙa, biyan buƙatu masu girma na na'urorin lantarki masu ɗaukuwa da lanƙwasa.

a takaice

Ci gaban waɗannan kayan ba kawai zai haifar da ƙirƙira fasaha ba amma kuma yana ba da sabbin damar magance kalubalen duniya a cikin makamashi, muhalli, da lafiya.